二.大纲词汇&历年真题出现次数14—20次 共38个单词
concern20[kEn5sE:n]v.①涉及，关系到；②（常与with, about, in连用）关心，挂念；
③担心，担忧；n.①（利害）关系；②关心，挂念；③担心，担忧
[真题例句] Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns (v.①) the technology available for marketing.[1999年阅读2]
[例句精译] 网络商业模式的另一个重大变化体现在营销策略上。
[真题例句] "I'm a good economic indicator," she says, "I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned (v.②) about saving some dollars." [2004年阅读3]
[例句精译] 她说：“我是个准确的经济晴雨表，我提供的服务在当人们想攒钱时就变成可有可无。"
[真题例句] Consumers seem only concerned (v.③), not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.[2004年阅读3]
[例句精译] 消费者只是略有担心,并没有恐慌，许多人虽然稍微勒紧腰带,但他们说对于经济的长期前景还是乐观的。
[真题例句] In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns (n.②) about monopoly.[2003年阅读3]
[例句精译] 近年来，铁路公司相互联合，组成了超大型集团，引起人们对垄断行为的极大关注。
[真题例句] But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns (n.③) in this matter.[1997年阅读4]
[例句精译] 但内部人士透露其中几位董事对此事表示担忧。
lead20[li:d]v.①领导，引导；②领先，占首位；③ (to）通向，导致，引起；④经验，过（生活）; n.带领，引导；n.铅
[真题例句] They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead (v.③) them to deal with it.[2005年新题型]
[例句精译] 他们不会喜欢全国性代理机构，但是，出于利益的驱使，他们又不得不这样做。
[真题例句] 35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[2005年阅读3]
[A] Lead (v.④) your life as usual.
[例句精译] 35卡特莱特对那些有时做恶梦的人建议是.
[A] 跟往常一样过正常生活
theory20[5WiEri]n.①理论，原理；②学说，见解，看法；③看法，观点
[真题例句] One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory (①) that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.[2003年阅读2]
[例句精译] 这种情形现在正在寻求终止生物医学的研究，因为有这样一种理论说，动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。
create19[kri:5eit]v.①创造，创作；②引起，造成，建立
[真题例句] "All men are created (①) equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society.[1994年阅读3]
[例句精译] “人人生来平等”这句话我们已听过无数次，但它对民主社会的教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。
[真题例句] Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create (②) the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the US, when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.[2001年阅读4]
[例句精译] 但是很难想像当今的几个石油公司的合并是否会重新造成约100年前美国标准石油公司对竞争造成的同样的威胁，那时由于人们对该公司的这种担心而导致了它最终的解散。
culture19[5kQltFE]n.①修养，教养；②文化，文明
[真题例句] In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture (②) itself.[1994年阅读3]
[例句精译] 在这面镜子里，我们可以看到力量、弱点、希望、偏见和文化的核心价值。
individual19[7indi5vidjuEl]a.①个人的，单独的；②独特的；n.个人，个体
[真题例句] Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual (a.①) consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[1994年阅读1]
[例句精译] 因此，在美国经济体制中，消费者个人的需求，加上商人获取最大利润的追求及消费者想最大限度提高购买力的愿望三者共同决定应该生产什么和如何利用资源来生产这些产品。
[真题例句] This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual (n.) and the species.[1995年阅读5]
[例句精译] 因此遗忘似乎有助于个体及物种的存活。
role19[rEul]n.①角色；②作用，任务
[真题例句] They have grown dissatisfied with the role (①) of intellectual. [2006年翻译]
[例句精译] 他们已经不再满足于知识分子的角色。
[真题例句] And should one country take upon itself the role (②) of "defending competition" on issues that affect many other nations, as in the US vs. Microsoft case?[2001年阅读4]
[例句精译] 在那些将会影响许多其他国家的事情中，如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案，一个国家是否应该担负起“保护竞争”的责任呢？
achieve18[E5tFi:v]v.①完成，实现；②达到，达成，获得
[真题例句] I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved (②) longer, healthier lives than we have.[2003年阅读4]
[例句精译] 我也深知在医疗开销少得多的日本和瑞典，人们获得了比我们更长的、更健康的寿命。
argue18[5B:gju:]v.①争论，辩论；②认为，主张，论证；③说服
[真题例句] The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing (①) about the rights of animals is fruitless.[1997年翻译]
[例句精译] 关键问题是：如果对人的权利没有共同认识，那么讨论动物的权利就是毫无结果的。
[真题例句] He is not arguing (②), as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.[2005年阅读4]
[例句精译] 不像其他大多数人，麦克沃特先生并不认为我们说话方式不规范就不能使我们直接思考。
decade18[5dekeid]n.十年
[真题例句] Three sun-belt states-Florida, Texas and California-together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier.[1998年阅读4]
[例句精译] 佛罗里达、得克萨斯和加利福尼亚这三个阳光充沛的地区，1980年的人口比前10年增加了近1000万。
experience18[iks5piEriEns]n.经验，经历；v.体验，经历
[真题例句] Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences (n.).[1995年阅读5]
[例句精译] 最典型的是，决定过街也要凭借许多对以前经历的记忆。
[真题例句] Families have also (33: experienced)(v.) changes these years.[2004年完形]
[例句精译] 这些年来，家庭也经历了许多变化。
infer18[in5fE:]v.推论，推断
[真题例句] Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration.[1995年阅读5]
[例句精译] 显然，遗忘有助于时间的定位，因为旧的记忆淡忘，新的记忆往往就突出，从而为推算持续的时间提供线索。
account17[E5kaunt]n.①账（目，户）; ②叙述，说明；③价值，地位；v. (for) ①说明，解释；②占；③ (take into~）考虑；顾及
[真题例句] (71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account (n.②) of human rights, which is something the world does not have.[1997年翻译]
[例句精译] (71）事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
[真题例句] Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account (n.③) in his society? [2006年翻译]
[例句精译] 是否美国的知识分子在社会中真的被排斥并被认为毫不重要？
[真题例句] Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account (v.①), in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.[1996年阅读5]
[例句精译] 肯切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的理论为何明确而有说服力。
[真题例句] Multinational corporations accounted (v.②) for less than 20% of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly.[2001年阅读4]
[例句精译] 跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20%的份额。而现在，这个数字上升到25%强，并且还在迅速上升。
[真题例句] Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account (v.③).[2006年阅读3]
[例句精译] Myers博士和 Worm博士认为他们的研究给出了正确的基准线，今后的管理工作必须要把这一基准线考虑在内。
available17[E5veilEbl]a.①可用的，可得到的；②可以见到的，随时可来的
[真题例句] However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available (①), or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible.[2001年翻译]
[例句精译] 然而，对地何时能够进行超光速旅行，何时人类克隆技术能够完善，何时时间旅行成为可能，仍未作出预测。
community17[kE5mju:niti]n.①同一地区的全体居民，社会，社区；②共同体，团体
[真题例句] Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community (①) than any other force I can think of.[1995年阅读1]
[例句精译] 广告给社会带来的物质利益比任何我所能想到的方式都多。
[真题例句] Until recently, the scientific community (②) was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics - but no longer.[1998年阅读3]
[例句精译] 以前，科学界如此强大，以致可以对批评者置之不理--但现在不同了。
involve17[in5vClv]v.①卷入，陷入，连累；②包含，含有，涉及
[真题例句] The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved (①) in prominent cases (31: such as) the trial of Rosemary West.[2001年完形]
[例句精译] 报界付款给那些牵扯到大案要案(诸如Rosemary West案件)的证人，以图买断，政府对此将予以禁止。
[真题例句] The exact mechanisms involved (②) are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.[1994年阅读4]
[例句精译] 导致癌变的确切机制仍是个谜，但许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。
average16[5AvEridV]n.平均（数）; a.①平均的；②普通的，一般的；v.平均，均分
[真题例句] In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average (v.) only about 3% for the year as a whole.[1997年阅读5]
[例句精译] 实际上，(美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率)8月份就降到了26%，而且有望达到全年平均仅为3%.
[真题例句] Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average (a.①).[2000年阅读2]
[例句精译] 当今婴儿出生的数量同死亡年龄一样已趋于平均化。
[真题例句] Today the messages your average (a.②) Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy.[2006年阅读4]
[例句精译] 今天，你们普通西方人面对的信息轰炸不是宗教的，而是商业的，而且让人快乐得无法忍受。
[真题例句] In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average (v.) 35% in 1995.[1997年阅读5]
[例句精译] 1994年底，每月接受《经济学家》意见调查的一组经济学家指出，美国在1995年的平均通货膨胀率将达到35%.
benefit16[5benifit]n.利益，好处，恩惠；v.①有益于；② (from, by）受益
[真题例句] Advertising does more for the material benefit (n.) of the community than any other force I can think of.[1995年阅读1]
[例句精译] 广告给社会带来的物质利益比任何我所能想到的方式都多。
[真题例句] 43. It can be inferred from the text that public services .[2002年阅读1]
[A] have benefited (v.①) many people
[例句精译] 43从本文可推知：公共服务.
[A] 为许多人带来了利益
[真题例句] What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited (v.②) from ambition - if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents.[2000年阅读5]
[例句精译] 奇怪的是他们已经从雄心壮志中获益颇多--如果不是他们自己的雄心，那么就是他们父母的和祖父母的。
dam16[dAm]n.水坝，水闸
[真题例句] The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful.[1998年阅读1]
[例句精译] 建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是好的。
influence16[5influEns]n.① (on）影响，感化；②势力，权势；v.影响，感化
[真题例句] The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence (n.①) on the relations of capital and labour was not good.[1996年阅读3]
[例句精译] 这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求。他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。
[真题例句] That experiences influence (v.) subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.[1995年阅读5]
[例句精译] 过去的经历会影响日后的行为，这就表明存在着一种明显但却非凡的脑力活动--记忆。
intellectual16[7inti5lektjuEl]n.知识分子
[真题例句] It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual. [2006年翻译]
[例句精译] 是他们，而不是美国人，成为了反知识分子者
issue16[5iFu:]v.①流出，放出；②发行，发表，颁布；n.①发行（物）, （报刊）期号；②问题，争论点，争端
[真题例句] One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued (v.②) credit card.[1994年阅读2]
[例句精译] 1.3亿美国人的手中至少持有一家银行发行的信用卡。
[真题例句] The Oct.28 issue (n.①) of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week, with $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has ,passed pornography as the web's most profitable business.[2006年新题型]
[例句精译] 《新闻周刊》10月28日的文章报道2百万赌徒每周要光顾1800个虚拟赌场，并且今年在网上赌博中他们输掉了35亿美元，赌博业已经超过了色情文学成了网上最赢利的行业。
[真题例句] Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue (n.②) at all? Many deny it.[1997年翻译]
[例句精译] 我们最好再来问另一个更基本的问题：我们对待动物的方式到底属不属于道德问题？很多人回答是否定的。
obvious16[5CbviEs]a.明显的，显而易见的
[真题例句] Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.[1995年阅读5]
[例句精译] 有一段时间不实践，学到的东西往往就会逐渐遗忘；其适应性结果也就显得不太明显。
present16[pri5zent,5prezEnt]a.①出席的，到场的；②现在的，目前的；n.①现在，目前；②礼物，赠品；v.①赠（送），呈献；②介绍，陈述；③提出，呈交；④上演
[真题例句] "But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present (a.②) actions." [2005年阅读2]
[例句精译] “但科学的确能给我们提供将来可行的最好的指导。更重要的是，科学家可以对有关现在行动的结果提供最好的评判，而且我们国家和世界的政府应以此最好的判断为基础。"
[真题例句] Much can be done.Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present (v.②) their own research.[2003年阅读2]
[例句精译] 有很多事情可以做。科学家可以进入中学课堂，展示他们的研究。
[真题例句] All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents (v.③) serious problems for the governments concerned.[2000年翻译]
[例句精译] 这一切所产生的后果是加大了社会内部异乎寻常的压迫感和紧张气氛，从而给有关政府提出了一些严肃问题。
[真题例句] There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents (v.④) superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon.[2006年阅读2]
[例句精译] 皇家莎士比亚公司（RSC) ，在埃文河的莎士比亚纪念馆剧场上演杰出的戏剧作品。
structure16[5strQktFE]n.①结构，构造；②建筑物；v.构造，建造
[真题例句] (71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures (n.①) that existed 15 billion years ago.[1998年翻译]
[例句精译] (71）但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
activity15[Ak5tiviti]n.①活动；②活性，活力
[真题例句] Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities (①) were full of confusion.[1995年阅读5]
[例句精译] 有记录表明，有些人（按一般标准）忘的太少，以致日常生活常混乱不堪。
competition15[kCmpi5tiFEn]n.①比赛；②竞争
[真题例句] 55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[2000年阅读2]
[B] A fierce competition (②).
[例句精译] 55根据文章第一段，身为男性过去面临的危险是什么？
[B] 激烈的竞争。
[真题例句] Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition (②)? [2001年阅读4]
[例句精译] 当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严厉时，跨国公司会不会把它们的生产从一地转到另一地呢？
conscious15[5kCnFEs]a.① (of）意识到的，自觉的；②有意识的，神志清醒的
[真题例句] 42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .[2002年阅读1]
[B] very conscious (①) of their godlike role
[例句精译] 42在护士看来，有关医生的笑话暗示：医生.
[B] 非常在乎自己上帝般的角色
[真题例句] And this process need not be left to the unconscious.Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious (②) control over recurring bad dreams.[2005年阅读3]
[例句精译] 这一过程没有必要留给潜意识处理，卡特莱特认为一个人可以通过练习来控制反复出现的恶梦。
sense15[sens]n.①感官，官能；②感觉；③判断力；④见识；⑤意义，意思；v.感觉到，意识到
[真题例句] (38: On the contrary) they can help students acquire a sense (n.②) of commitment by (39: planning) for roles that are within their (40: capability) and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.[2003年完形]
[例句精译] 正相反，成年人可以通过计划青少年所能集中的活动以及清晰表述规则来帮助他们树立责任感。
[真题例句] He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense (n.③) not to buy the inferior article more than once.[1995年阅读1]
[例句精译] 他这样做的时间不会长，因为庆幸的是，公众有良好的判断力，他们不会一而再再而三地去购买劣质商品。
[真题例句] In this sense (n.⑤), the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.[1995年阅读5]
[例句精译] 从这个意义上说，遗忘能力可解释为动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力。
[真题例句] These receptors are the cells which sense (v.) smells and send (11: messages) to the brain.[2005年完形]
[例句精译] 这些嗅觉接收器就是细胞，它们能察觉气味并将其信息传送到大脑。
able14[5eibl]a.有能力的，能干的，显示出才华的
[真题例句] Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted.[2001年翻译]
[例句精译] 通过研究，皮尔森能够指出大多数可预言的突破的时日。
decline14[di5klain]v./n. ①下倾，下降，下垂，衰落；②斜面，倾斜；v.拒绝，谢绝
[真题例句] Could the bad old days of economic decline (n.①) be about to return? [2002年阅读3]
[例句精译] 过去经济衰落的日子会不会重来？
depend14[di5pend]v. (on）取决于，依靠，信赖，相信
[真题例句] Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments.[1999年阅读5]
[例句精译] 在实践中，科学的进步依赖于做实验，但更依赖于有思想准备的实验观察者。
describe14[dis5kraib]v.描述，形容
[真题例句] But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river - and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms." [2000年阅读3]
[例句精译] 在某首诗中，未来派诗人用一行文字描写了一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在桥上发生搏斗的场面，结果双双从桥上掉进河中；看了他们对这首诗的注解，有点让人摸不着头脑；后来才发现，诗把他们两人落水的声音和体重写在了一起：“扑通！扑通！185公斤。"
fund14[fQnd]n.资金，基金；v.资助，投资
[真题例句] This kind of support , like all government support , requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds (n.).[1996年翻译]
[例句精译] 这种资助就像所有的政府资助一样，需要决定资金的合适接受对象。
[真题例句] A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health technology assessment, funded (v.) by Ottawa and the provinces.[2005年新题型]
[例句精译] 已采取一些措施来指导创立一个全国性的医药机构--由政府当局和各省资助的加拿大健康技术合作办公室。
intend14[in5tend]v.想要，打算，企图
[真题例句] But big dams tend not to work as intended.[1998年阅读1]
[例句精译] 但大坝往往不如照预计那样发挥功效。
knowledge14[5nClidV]n.①知识，学识；②知道，了解
[真题例句] "Being learned in some branch of human knowledge (①) in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts" , as Emersion would say, "is something else." [2006年翻译]
[例句精译] 正如爱默生说的“在人类知识的一些分支中学习是一回事，在公众的和勤勉的思想中生存就是另外一回事了。"
[真题例句] The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge (②) of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.[1996年阅读3]
[例句精译] 这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求。他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。
nature14[5neitFE]n.①自然界，大自然；②性质，本性，天性
[真题例句] No other species fills so many places in nature (①).[2000年阅读2]
[例句精译] 没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。
[真题例句] One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature (②), a highly competitive institution.[1995年阅读4]
[例句精译] 让孩子吸收A型性格的一个地方是学校；学校，就其本质而言，是高度竞争的机构。
professional14[prE5feFEnl]a.职业的，专业的，专门的；n.专家，专业人员
[真题例句] But, for a small group of students, professional (a.) training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.[1999年阅读3]
[例句精译] 但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否得到工作的关键。
[真题例句] Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional (n.) in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.[1999年阅读3]
[例句精译] 此外，在我们这么大的一个国家里，经济延展到这么多的州，涉及到这么多的国际公司，因而要按照数量培养出所需要的各类专业人员是不太可能的。
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