5 采矿废弃地可持续景观设计原则
5.1 生态安全原则
某些关键点(或称战略点)以及某些特定格局能对景观过程起到潜在的决定性影响,构成了控制景观的安全格局。对其进行控制可以高效维护区域景观生态格局的健康与良好运行。矿山开采破坏对水土流失、污染扩散、诱发灾害以及生境破坏等具有重要影响。因此,对处于战略点的采矿废弃地进行恢复会对维护区域生态安全起首要的作用[10,30,31]。如McChesney针对废矿地恢复过程,在比较了恢复地和自然景观中幼苗发生后指出在大尺度基质下选取恢复地点的重要性[31]。
5.2 持续利用与资源循环原则
采矿废弃地上的各类要素通过设计因地制宜地加以改造利用,使之重新参与生态系统的生产与循环并且塑造新的景观,走“资源再利用”的途径,可以产生新的经济效益。如通过设计,使矿井、迹地以及设施重新发现其审美、生产和生境价值,是一种变废为宝的积极利用的思路[32~34]。
5.3 自然原则
恢复自然生态状况应置于采矿废弃地可持续发展的优先考虑。利用自然过程,采取自然演替方法是重要的手段,包括采用乡土物种,恢复植被群落与演替,改善土壤质量,恢复自然河道与水的自然过程等,以提高自然生态系统生产力和稳定性。
5.4 多样性原则
考虑未来发展的多种可能性,采取多样性设计来满足功能的多样化和人的多选择性及不同层次需要。采矿废弃地的可持续利用应遵循这一原则,针对不同景观和用地的基础,采取不同的恢复和利用方式,可以满足景观多样性的要求[35,36]。
5.5 过程原则
应尊重场地的发展过程,在一定程度上保存地段的历史信息。应使采矿以及恢复的历史成为景观演替过程的一部分,而不是完全终结。通过设计提供后来者可以调整与发展的空间。这种过程体现了空间与时间上的脉络[4]。针对人的审美体验,符合生态原理的景观设计也许不是完成的作品,而更多是对“过程”和“中介”的设计,反映多样性关系的产生和网络化、联系及区分[35,36]。
5.6 场所性原则
景观不仅仅作为视觉艺术而存在,还应作为人的活动场所。应强调观者的参与的重要性,考虑其场所环境的使用性质,使人可以产生震撼、凝聚情感、愉悦身心,从而使物质空间具有场所精神[33~36]。采矿地设计应利用各种资源来提供给人以获得教育、锻炼和愉悦的机会。
6 结语
采矿地类型多样,应根据实际问题采取措施。相关生态和工程学科的协作可以对废弃地退化景观进行处理,而通过景观设计学,可以达到重新利用和“变废为宝”的目标,以平衡生态退化带来的土地资源不足,遏制环境进一步恶化 [37]。因此,采矿废弃地的生态恢复与可持续景观设计涉及生态、工程、美学、经济以及社会等多方面的内容,具有很强的研究价值和广泛的现实意义。我国的采矿废弃地、垃圾堆场以及工业废弃地(Brownfield)等退化景观规模巨大,针对有限的土地资源,应力求通过对退化景观的治理与可持续利用来达到缓解人地矛盾,争取更大的社会经济发展空间。未来退化景观的恢复与设计领域将会有广阔的发展前景。
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作者单位:北京大学景观设计学研究院,北京 100871
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